Hoje, neste histórico dia em que a nave está passando raspando em Plutão, e à espera nos próximos dias de fotos cada vez mais nítidas e empolgantes, concluo nosso post sobre a Missão New Horizons, da NASA.
Uma pequena parte final está ainda em tradução...aguardem que traduzo tudo !
One by one, engineers fixed each glitch, and APL delivered the spacecraft to Cape Canaveral on time. To that point, mission accomplished, though not without a lot of missed sleep. Mike Colby of the mission's integration-and-testing team has a card in his office that reads HAPPY HOUR IS A NAP.Uma pequena parte final está ainda em tradução...aguardem que traduzo tudo !
Once the Atlas V 551 rocket carrying New Horizons lifts off from Cape Canaveral, Alice Bowman's first nerve-racking moment will come about 40 minutes into the flight. Until then, Ops will have no contact with New Horizons as the Atlas blasts it into space. At about the 40-minute mark, ground controllers will anxiously listen for the first burst of telemetry from the craft. If all has gone well, it will be functioning and on its way and the APL Ops team will check its health, commissioning each subsystem, then each instrument, and making sure nothing has been damaged in launch. After 13 months, New Horizons will approach Jupiter, take advantage of the chance to calibrate its instruments and make some observations there, then catch a boost from the planet's gravity and veer off for Pluto. For about eight years, New Horizons will spin in virtual hibernation. Once a week, the craft will beep, assuring Ops that it's sleeping peacefully. For 50 days each year, ground controllers will wake it up and run a series of tests, to check on the instruments and, not incidentally, keep the controllers sharp. In 2012, Stern and the Ops team will rehearse the Pluto encounter. "It's a fly-by mission," Bowman reminds. "You get one chance."
In the fall of 2014, Ops will bring New Horizons out of hibernation. Two hundred days from Pluto, nine years after launch, the real work of New Horizons will begin as LORRI starts making images. By 90 days out from the planet, those pictures will be superior to anything obtainable from Earth, resolving features on Pluto's surface as small as a football field. Each of those images will take 12 hours to arrive from the spacecraft. Sometime in July 2015, 14 years of effort will come down to a frenzied 24 hours as New Horizons approaches Pluto at 8.6 miles per second. PEPSSI will meter plasma escaping Pluto's atmosphere and SWAP will measure the solar wind. Ralph, using less power than a nightlight, will record close-up color images. Alice will probe Pluto's atmosphere with its ultraviolet imaging spectrometer. At its closest, New Horizons will pass 6,000 miles from Pluto. As it swings around Pluto-Charon on the trajectory plotted by Yanping Guo, the spacecraft will observe occultations of both the sun and Earth, to make more measurements of the planet's atmosphere. From New Horizons' transmitter will flow all the collected data, a 3-billion-mile stream of 0s and 1s that will travel to Earth for the ensuing nine months.
Pluto will begin to recede in New Horizons' rear-view mirror (or it would if the spacecraft had one), but the mission team hopes that its work will not be done. Though NASA has not yet approved, APL and SwRI hope to direct the spacecraft to a new destination, the largest Kuiper Belt object they can find, for another fly-by sometime between 2017 and 2020; the scientists already are searching for the right KBO. Then New Horizons will head into interstellar space, drifting forever unless it collides with some other body.
Krimigis, who marshaled the effort to bring New Horizons to APL, wonders how long the laboratory can pull off missions like it. APL has built 62 spacecraft, and it's been able to do that, in large part, because it is a lean operation with nimble, creative engineers and scientists, and a culture that encourages freewheeling problem solving. Cheng describes that culture as "give a project to a small group of people and they just go off and do it." But after some well-publicized failures of planetary missions, and especially after the Columbia disaster that killed the shuttle's entire crew, NASA has become, in Krimigis' estimation, risk-averse to the point that every decision and step has to be documented, every process reviewed, every potential hazard avoided. That may make less expensive, creative missions impossible in the future. Says Krimigis, "NASA is in the process of dismantling this type of organization. You end up having a significant part of the staff either preparing for a review, doing a review, or responding to many action items in the aftermath of a review. It saps the initiative for doing state-of-the-art pioneering work. Talented people find it difficult to do a terrific amount of paperwork and explain to an MBA what they're doing and how they're doing it."
But as New Horizons awaits launch this January, Krimigis, now the emeritus head of APL's space department, is proud of what his colleagues have done. The spacecraft is ready to fly, assembled, tested, and vetted. NASA wanted the mission to cost $650 million; it should come in at around $700 million, with most of the excess cost, Krimigis says, generated by factors beyond APL's control. Krimigis began building instruments for planetary exploration in 1963, when he worked on the Mariner IV mission to Mars. If New Horizons and the MESSENGER Mercury missions succeed, by 2015 Krimigis will be, he believes, the only planetary scientist to have been involved in missions to all nine planets. He ponders that for a moment, then says, "It's great fun to be in this business."
Dale Keiger é escritor senior na Johns Hopkins Magazine.
Fonte : http://www.jhu.edu/~jhumag/1105web/pluto.html
















